音頻科普：在手術(shù)室模擬靈長(cháng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物中的沖突

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?By analyzing 200 surgeries, anthropologists found mixed-gender operating room teams exhibited the highest levels of cooperation. Christopher Intagliata reports.

通過(guò)對200例手術(shù)案例的分析，人類(lèi)學(xué)家發(fā)現男女混合手術(shù)室團隊的合作程度最高?？死锼雇懈?/span>·因塔利亞塔報道。

撰文\播音：克里斯托弗·因塔利亞塔（Christopher Intagliata）

翻譯：邱燕寧

審校：張清越

?

When primatologists observe chimpanzees, they take note of activities like fighting, playing, touching, and grooming. And it turns out you can learn a lot about humans—we are primates, after all—by observing the same behaviors in us.?

靈長(cháng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物學(xué)家觀(guān)察黑猩猩時(shí)，會(huì )注意到它們打架、玩耍、觸摸和梳理毛發(fā)等活動(dòng)。事實(shí)證明，通過(guò)觀(guān)察人類(lèi)的相同行為，你也可以對人類(lèi)有很多了解——畢竟我們也是靈長(cháng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物。

"Not grooming, but you know, who was nice to who, who complimented who, who talked to who, who flirted with who, all those kinds of things." Laura Jones, an anthropologist at Emory University and Kaiser Permanente.?

“不是指梳理毛發(fā)行為，但你知道，誰(shuí)對誰(shuí)好，誰(shuí)稱(chēng)贊誰(shuí)，誰(shuí)和誰(shuí)說(shuō)話(huà)，誰(shuí)和誰(shuí)調情，諸如此類(lèi)的事情。”勞拉·瓊斯，埃默里大學(xué)(Emory University)和凱撒醫療機構(Kaiser Permanente)的人類(lèi)學(xué)家說(shuō)。

The primates her team studied were surgeons, nurses, anesthesiologists and other staff at three U.S. hospitals. The researchers observed 200 surgeries, while logging behaviors like cursing and cowering, stomping or head shaking, joking and singing, complimenting or flirting.

她的團隊研究的靈長(cháng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物是美國三家醫院的外科醫生、護士、麻醉師和其他工作人員。研究人員觀(guān)察了200例手術(shù)，同時(shí)記錄了諸如咒罵和畏縮、跺腳或搖頭、開(kāi)玩笑和唱歌、贊美或調情等行為。

And they found that conflict in the OR surged when male surgeons' teams were mostly male; or when female surgeons were with mostly female teams. "It would be a no-brainer if we found that all females were cooperative, but that's not what we found."

他們發(fā)現，當男主刀醫生的治療團隊大多為男性時(shí)，或者女主刀的治療團隊大多是女性時(shí)，手術(shù)室里的沖突就會(huì )激增。“如果我們發(fā)現所有的女性都有合作精神，那就再簡(jiǎn)單不過(guò)了，但事實(shí)并非如此。”

Instead, the highest levels of cooperation occurred when a female surgeon had a male surgical team, and vice versa—perhaps, Jones says, because those mixed teams avoided male–male or female–female conflict.

相反，最高水平的合作發(fā)生在女主刀攜男性治療團隊，或完全相反時(shí)——Jones說(shuō)，也許，因為這些混合的團隊避免了男性-男性和女性-女性的沖突。

In fact previous studies in primates--both human and non-human--have shown that competition is strongest between individuals of the same gender. The surgery findings are in the?Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. [Laura K. Jones et al.,?Ethological observations of social behavior in the operating room]

事實(shí)上，先前對靈長(cháng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物的研究——無(wú)論是人類(lèi)還是非人類(lèi)——都表明，同性個(gè)體之間的競爭最為激烈。這些結果發(fā)表在《美國國家科學(xué)院院刊》上。

"I would say the most practical thing to do at this point would be using this to affect training. And of course encourage people, both men and women, to go into all the disciplines, because right now they're heavily gendered." Perhaps by diversifying the operating room we can leave chest-beating behaviors at the door.?

“我想說(shuō)，在這一點(diǎn)上最實(shí)際的應用就是用它來(lái)影響訓練。當然，也要鼓勵人們，無(wú)論是男性還是女性，參與所有的學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的工作，因為目前領(lǐng)域里性別單一性很?chē)乐亍?/span>”也許通過(guò)豐富手術(shù)室里的性別組成，我們可以把暴力行為留在手術(shù)室外。

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